Knowing the Many Names of God

Knowing the Many Names of God
David Langness

 

 

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When I was a kid, I asked my Lutheran minister this question about a hundred times: “Who gave God his name?”

I never got an answer, either.

You can tell from the question that I thought God was a man. (Hey, give me a break—I was 6!) I knew my mother and father had given me my name at birth, so I wondered, truly and deeply, who could’ve possibly named God. In my childhood consciousness, this seemed to be a highly paradoxical and important question. I had to find out.

So, for those of you who’ve wondered the same thing, here’s the answer: the Germans named God. Actually, the word God comes from the proto-Germanic language, spoken long before Germany was ever a country, as far back as the Bronze Age. Proto-Germanic speakers, somewhere around 500 A.D., used the root word “gudan” to name the Creator, when they translated the Bible into the Gothic language. Gudan comes from the old proto-Indo-European ģhau, which means “to invoke” or “to call.” And, oh, by the way—those two words have no gender. As the church spread through Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries, the word God somehow became masculine, probably to help convert the pagans of the time.

Page from the ‘Codex Argenteus’
Page from the ‘Codex Argenteus’

[Amazingly, you can still see that actual Bible where God’s name originated, if you’re ever in Sweden. It’s called the Codex Argenteus (which means Silver Book, because of its silver ink), and some of its beautiful illuminated manuscript pages are displayed in the Carolina Rediviva library in Uppsala.]

So what did they call the Creator before the word God came along? Just about every culture had a different name for the Supreme Being: El in Hebrew; YHWH or Yahweh in Judaic societies(which means He Who Is); Allah, which simply means God in Arabic, and is used by Muslims as well as by Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews; Vishnu or Brahman in many Hindu cultures; Aten in prehistoric Egypt; Waheguru for the Sikhs; Ahura Mazda for the ancient Zoroastrians; the Great Spirit for many Native American tribal cultures.

Entire books and dissertations exist on the fascinating subject of the names of God, so I won’t belabor the point in this short essay. Instead, let’s look at these two short, illuminating quotes from the Baha’i writings, which explain the relationship of the many names of God to the human perfections, attributes and qualities exemplified by the messengers and prophets of God’s great Faiths:

God is eternal and ancient; not a new God. His sovereignty is of old, not recent; not merely existent these five or six thousand years. This infinite universe is from everlasting. The sovereignty, power, names and attributes of God are eternal, ancient. His names presuppose creation and predicate His existence and will. We say God is creator. This name creator appears when we connote creation. We say God is the provider. This name presupposes and proves the existence of the provided. God is love. This name proves the existence of the beloved. In the same way God is mercy, God is justice, God is life… – Abdu’l-Baha, Foundations of World Unity, p. 101.

Nevertheless, we speak of the names and attributes of the Divine Reality, and we praise Him by attributing to Him sight, hearing, power, life and knowledge. We affirm these names and attributes, not to prove the perfections of God, but to deny that He is capable of imperfections. When we look at the existing world, we see that ignorance is imperfection and knowledge is perfection; therefore, we say that the sanctified Essence of God is wisdom. Weakness is imperfection, and power is perfection; consequently, we say that the sanctified Essence of God is the acme of power. It is not that we can comprehend His knowledge, His sight, His power and life, for it is beyond our comprehension; for the essential names and attributes of God are identical with His Essence, and His Essence is above all comprehension. – Abdu’l-Baha, Some Answered Questions, p. 148.
For Baha’is, the names of God reflect the divine attributes the prophets demonstrate—and developing those heavenly qualities becomes the goal of all human life.

Baha’is understand that we mortals can never understand the reality of God:

Praise be to God, the All-Possessing, the King of incomparable glory, a praise which is immeasurably above the understanding of all created things, and is exalted beyond the grasp of the minds of men. None else besides Him hath ever been able to sing adequately His praise, nor will any man succeed at any time in describing the full measure of His glory. Who is it that can claim to have attained the heights of His exalted Essence, and what mind can measure the depths of His unfathomable mystery? – Baha’u’llah, Gleanings from the Writings of Baha’u’llah, p. 60.
But Baha’is also understand that every human being can aspire to transform our lives by acquiring the divine attributes true religion exemplifies.

The opinions and views expressed in this article are those of the author only and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of BahaiTeachings.org or any institution of the Baha’i Faith.
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David Langness writes and edits for BahaiTeachings.org and is a journalist and literary critic for Paste Magazine. He and his wife Teresa live in the Sierra foothills in Northern California.

 

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Can the Word of God Ever Be Final?

No breeze can compare with the breezes of Divine Revelation, whilst the Word which is uttered by God shineth and flasheth as the sun amidst the books of men. – Baha’u’llah, Epistle to the Son of the Wolf, p. 42-43.

Throughout my life I’ve had an abiding interest in those breezes of divine revelation, and have focused my attention on all things mystical.

In fact, my grandmother once told me that I used to take her hand, pull her into the nearest empty room, close the door and say “OK, now let’s talk about God.” That started, she said, when I was four.

I have no idea how I developed that kind of intense interest at such an early age. My family wasn’t particularly religious—my Dad was a lapsed Lutheran and an atheist who scoffed at most religion and didn’t like the clergy much, either. My Mom, raised a Catholic, had left the Church at a young age, convinced that it justified psychological and physical abuse. Only my grandmother, bless her tender heart, had a deep sense of faith. Her beliefs weren’t restricted to any one church or system, though—she just lived a strong commitment to the kindness and love she found in the Old and New Testaments.

So maybe that background explains why I’ve always felt the words “final” and “religion” should never be used together in a sentence. When I discovered the Baha’i Faith as a teenager, that was my first question: Is this Faith final?

I’ll never forget the answer my Baha’i friend and teacher Art Jess replied with: “No religion is final,” he said. “They’re all part of an ongoing progressive revelation from one God.” That answer gave my inner skeptic the permission I needed to investigate further, and I became a Baha’i three years later.

Later, I looked into that whole finality question, because I kept meeting people who insisted that their religion—whether Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, Muslim or many others—was the final word in faith.

I learned that Baha’u’llah specifically cautioned “people of insight” not to allow their devotion to one religion to blind them to the validity and truth of others. Interpreting their own faith as final, Baha’u’llah wrote, “hath… been a sore test unto all mankind.” (The Book of Certitude, p. 162.) Actually, the Baha’i teachings say that this tendency—to insist that my religion is right and final, and yours is therefore wrong or invalid—has caused enormous grief, strife and pain throughout history. Baha’u’llah said, instead, that all the Prophets of God represent the same essence:

If thou wilt observe with discriminating eyes, thou wilt behold them all abiding in the same tabernacle, soaring in the same heaven, seated upon the same throne, uttering the same speech, and proclaiming the same Faith. – Ibid., pp. 153-154.

Then I discovered that Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Baha’i Faith, did use the words “final” and “religion” together in a sentence—when he had these strong words to say about the subject:

The Faith standing identified with the name of Baha’u’llah disclaims any intention to belittle any of the Prophets gone before Him, to whittle down any of their teachings, to obscure, however slightly, the radiance of their Revelations, to oust them from the hearts of their followers, to abrogate the fundamentals of their doctrines, to discard any of their revealed Books, or to suppress the legitimate aspirations of their adherents. Repudiating the claim of any religion to be the final revelation of God to man, disclaiming finality for His own Revelation, Baha’u’llah inculcates the basic principle of the relativity of religious truth, the continuity of Divine Revelation, the progressiveness of religious experience. His aim is to widen the basis of all revealed religions and to unravel the mysteries of their scriptures. He insists on the unqualified recognition of the unity of their purpose, restates the eternal verities they enshrine, coordinates their functions, distinguishes the essential and the authentic from the nonessential and spurious in their teachings, separates the God-given truths from the priest-prompted superstitions, and on this as a basis proclaims the possibility, and even prophecies the inevitability, of their unification, and the consummation of their highest hopes. – The Promised Day is Come, p. 108.

We’ve certainly reached the age of evolution and relativity in science, so why not in religion, too? “Baha’u’llah inculcates the basic principle of the relativity of religious truth,” Shoghi Effendi wrote. You might call this powerful concept the religious theory of evolution, because it categorically denies that any religion is final by saying that all religion forms a single, progressive, constantly evolving system:

…it is evident that God has destined and intended religion to be the cause and means of cooperative effort and accomplishment among mankind. To this end He has sent the Prophets of God, the holy Manifestations of the Word, in order that the fundamental reality and religion of God may prove to be the bond of human unity, for the divine religions revealed by these holy Messengers have one and the same foundation. – Abdu’l-Baha, The Promulgation of Universal Peace, p. 338.

When we begin to recognize the commonality, the unity and the truth that underlies every great Faith, like my grandmother instinctively did, we begin to understand that the static idea of finality can never apply in an ever-evolving system. Just as the inter-generational process of physical evolution ensures that no final version of reality can ever exist, progressive revelation also guarantees that the Word of God will never exhaust its meanings or appear in any ultimate version.

Next: The Word of God: for Agreement and Concord

The opinions and views expressed in this article are those of the author only and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of BahaiTeachings.org or any institution of the Baha’i Faith.